British Firms Look to Invest in Kenya’s Renewable Energy Sector (CleanTechnica)
To promote the development of green energy projects in developing countries, British firms are looking for investment opportunities in the renewable energy sector of Kenya. Around 20 British companies are looking to invest and develop in Kenya’s nascent renewable energy sector.
A meeting was held in Nairobi this week between the investors, led by British Energy Minister Greg Barker and Kenya’s Prime Minister Raila Odinga, to discuss the country’s production potential, which largely remains unexploited so far.
Wednesday, October 10, 2012
Indonesia:
Indonesian Gov't to Build Geothermal Power Plant at Mt. Slamet (Jakarta Post)
The Banyumas regency administration will soon build a geothermal power plant in a conservation area on the slopes of Mount Slamet in Purbalingga, Central Java.
The head of the regency’s Energy and Mineral Resources Agency, Anton Adi Wahyono, said on Wednesday that PT Sejahtera Alam Energy (SAE), the winner of the project tender, would start initial exploration as early as this year.
The company would then proceed with the exploitation part of the project until the plant was ready to operate in 2017 with a production capacity of 110 MWe, he said.
“The plant will gradually increase its capacity in three stages. It is expected to reach its maximum production capacity of 220 MWe by 2021,” Anton told a press conference on Wednesday, adding that the project would cost US$880 million.
Read More.....
The Banyumas regency administration will soon build a geothermal power plant in a conservation area on the slopes of Mount Slamet in Purbalingga, Central Java.
The head of the regency’s Energy and Mineral Resources Agency, Anton Adi Wahyono, said on Wednesday that PT Sejahtera Alam Energy (SAE), the winner of the project tender, would start initial exploration as early as this year.
The company would then proceed with the exploitation part of the project until the plant was ready to operate in 2017 with a production capacity of 110 MWe, he said.
“The plant will gradually increase its capacity in three stages. It is expected to reach its maximum production capacity of 220 MWe by 2021,” Anton told a press conference on Wednesday, adding that the project would cost US$880 million.
Read More.....
Costa Rica:
Geothermal Electricity is Expected to Increase in Costa Rica (The Costa Rica News)
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| (Courtesy CIA.gov) |
Geothermal power plants in Costa Rica generating electricity corresponds to 13% of total capacity production according to Electricity System (SEN) and the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE).
The five geothermal plants located in Miravalles, represents 8% of total installed capacity by the SEN (83.8%), third in terms of capacity. But, because they are fed with steam from the interior of the earth and not dependent on climatic factors or annual maintenance, they have energies-continuous production, reducing costs and increasing production.
“Geothermal energy is not affected by changes in the weather stations, as in the case of other-hydro, thermal, wind and biomass-produced in the country and depend on various factors such as the flow of rivers, the amount of wind and preventive maintenance of the plants out of service for 3-4 months per year, “said the director of the Center for Geothermal Resources Services, Alfredo Mainieri.
Read More.....
The five geothermal plants located in Miravalles, represents 8% of total installed capacity by the SEN (83.8%), third in terms of capacity. But, because they are fed with steam from the interior of the earth and not dependent on climatic factors or annual maintenance, they have energies-continuous production, reducing costs and increasing production.
“Geothermal energy is not affected by changes in the weather stations, as in the case of other-hydro, thermal, wind and biomass-produced in the country and depend on various factors such as the flow of rivers, the amount of wind and preventive maintenance of the plants out of service for 3-4 months per year, “said the director of the Center for Geothermal Resources Services, Alfredo Mainieri.
Read More.....
Tuesday, October 9, 2012
USA:
New Geothermal Data Website Launched (Arizona Geology)
The Arizona State Geologist Lee Allison rolled out the all new website for the National Geothermal Data System - www.geothermaldata.org at the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting and GEA Expo in Reno this past week.
You can search for data from 50 state geological surveys and a number of geothermal research centers and build mashups of maps or search through thousands of scanned reports.
The prime contractor on the NGDS design-build project, Boise State University, handed over the website to AZGS a month ago and they committed to getting an entirely new site and functionality built in time for the GRC meeting.
You can search for data from 50 state geological surveys and a number of geothermal research centers and build mashups of maps or search through thousands of scanned reports.
The prime contractor on the NGDS design-build project, Boise State University, handed over the website to AZGS a month ago and they committed to getting an entirely new site and functionality built in time for the GRC meeting.
Lee Allison said "The GRC Annual Meeting is the premier event for the geothermal industry and community in the U.S. It's grown dramatically and drew well over 2,000 attendees by my estimates, from all over the world."
Argentina:
Call for Bids: Public Contract for Exploration of Geothermal Resources in Domuyo, Neuquen, Argentina
The Agencia para la Promoción y Desarrollo de Inversiones del Neuquén Sociedad del Estado Provincial (ADI-NQN S.E.P.) (Neuquen Investment Development Agency) calls for investors interested in submitting proposals to be awarded an exploration contract to discover and produce endogenous steam in the area of the mines of ADI-NQN´s property in Neuquén province, located in the west of Argentina, at the northern end of Patagonia.
~ Bidding terms and conditions document in English (PDF - September 2012)
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| (Courtesy Google Maps) |
~ Bidding terms and conditions document in English (PDF - September 2012)
~ Location of the Mines Maitena and Maria Victoria (Google Earth)
USA, Arizona:
GreenFire Energy Making Headway on CO2-Based Plant (ThinkGeoEnergy)
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The project, which received a US Department of Energy grant in 2010, is the world’s first attempt at a real-world CO2-based geothermal energy project, putting to use years of computer modeling and academic debate. St. John’s Dome is a unique site for this type of project as it sits on 450MM tons of shallow CO2 deposits. The goal is to extract and compress these locally-available deposits, and inject them into the hot basement formation containing geothermal heat with one single test well.
Kenya:
Update on Eburru, Kenya Wellhead Plant (ThinkGeoEnergy)
Reno-based Geothermal Development Associates provided an update on its Eburru 2.4 MWe wellhead at the 2012 GRC Annual Meeting.
KenGen began site studies in Eburru (just north of the city of Karagita and Lake Naivasha) in 1987, where 6 wells were drilled by 1990. In 2006, additional geophysics studies were performed, and KenGen has estimated that 30MWe of potential capacity exist on site.
Read More......
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| Eburru Geothermal Power Plant (Courtesy GDA) |
KenGen began site studies in Eburru (just north of the city of Karagita and Lake Naivasha) in 1987, where 6 wells were drilled by 1990. In 2006, additional geophysics studies were performed, and KenGen has estimated that 30MWe of potential capacity exist on site.
Read More......
USA, Nevada, Reno:
US Development Barriers & Policy Incentives Revisited at GRC Annual Meeting (ThinkGeoEnergy)
At the GRC 2012 Annual Meeting in Reno this week, University of Delaware PhD candidate Christopher Richard walked a sizable audience through an academic study examining where US domestic policy fails to offer developmental improvement through financial incentivization of the geothermal industry.
The underlying conclusion is that developing geothermal energy is truly unique. While having developmental components in common with other traditional and renewable technologies (in exploration for example), the commonalities vary when it comes to matters of production, environmental benefits, or initial capital investment.
USA, Utah:
Can New Utah Hotspot Give Geothermal A Lift? (EarthTechling)
A newly discovered deep geothermal hotspot in Utah is generating excitement – but whether it ever generates much electricity is another matter entirely.
Utility-scale geothermal has grown in recent years in the United States, but not nearly as fast as other renewable sources, like wind and solar. A U.S. Energy Information Agency report in November 2011 found that over the previous three years, wind power production increased 121 percent and solar grew 111 percent. Geothermal’s 10 percent gain paled in comparison.
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Researcher gathering temperature
gradient data (Courtesy Utah
Geological Survey) |
Utility-scale geothermal has grown in recent years in the United States, but not nearly as fast as other renewable sources, like wind and solar. A U.S. Energy Information Agency report in November 2011 found that over the previous three years, wind power production increased 121 percent and solar grew 111 percent. Geothermal’s 10 percent gain paled in comparison.
There’s an irony to this relative failure of geothermal: Unlike solar and wind, it can provide steady baseload power that can be easily integrated into the grid without some of the same challenges that come with intermittent sources like solar and wind.
Read More.....
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Iceland:
Environmentalists against North Iceland Power Plant (IcelandReview)
Nature protection NGO Landvernd has requested that preparations for a 45-90 MWe geothermal power plant in Bjarnarflag near Lake Mývatn in Northeast Iceland be stopped because neither a permanent operational license nor framework agreement are at hand.
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The area near Lake Mývatn.
(Courtesy IcelandReview.
Photo by Páll Stefánsson)
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Landsvirkjun, the national power company, is working on land formation and road construction where the planned powerhouse is to be constructed, ruv.is reports.
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India:
Drilling for Geothermal Power to begin in North West India (domain-B)
Indian State-run oil and gas explorer Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) will soon be drilling in Cambay – not for oil or gas, but for hot water. To be more precise, ONGC will be looking to tap geothermal energy and not hot water as such.
ONGC will use the heat to produce steam that in turn would drive turbines that generate electricity.
The state-run oil explorer is close to finalising sites in Cambay for putting up a 5-10 MWe power plant on a pilot basis.
Read More.......
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| (Courtesy CIA.gov) |
ONGC will use the heat to produce steam that in turn would drive turbines that generate electricity.
The state-run oil explorer is close to finalising sites in Cambay for putting up a 5-10 MWe power plant on a pilot basis.
Read More.......
Monday, October 8, 2012
USA, California:
Energy Future Takes Stage at Impact Sonoma on Oct. 18 (North Bay Business Journal)
As home to the largest complex of geothermal plants in the world and a continuing effort to establish a renewable energy-focused power agency, Sonoma County and its energy future will take center stage at North Bay Business Journal’s annual Impact Sonoma Conference on, October 18.
The event will be held Thursday, October 18 at the Hyatt Vineyard Creek in Santa Rosa. Registration begins at 7:30 a.m., and the program runs from 8:00 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. Tickets are $49 per person or $510 for a table of 10, continental breakfast included.
To register, contact Linda Perkins at 707-521-5264 or events@busjrnl.com by October 15. Walk-ins the day of the event are welcome.
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The event will be held Thursday, October 18 at the Hyatt Vineyard Creek in Santa Rosa. Registration begins at 7:30 a.m., and the program runs from 8:00 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. Tickets are $49 per person or $510 for a table of 10, continental breakfast included.
To register, contact Linda Perkins at 707-521-5264 or events@busjrnl.com by October 15. Walk-ins the day of the event are welcome.
USA, Nevada:
U.S. Senator Tours Peppermill Geothermal Production Well During GRC Annual Meeting (Politicalnews.me)
U.S. Senator Dean Heller (R-NV) released the following statement after his tour of the Peppermill Geothermal Production Well:
“This project is a great example of one of the ways Nevada’s geothermal energy potential can be harnessed. It is in our national interest to promote alternative sources of energy and I believe that renewable energy must be a part of any long-term energy strategy for our nation. Nevada has vast geothermal resources, and I will continue to support policies that encourage renewable energy development in our country,” said Senator Dean Heller.
The Peppermill is the only resort in the United States to have a heating source provided by on-property geothermal energy. The Peppermill harnesses geothermal energy to heat the resort’s domestic water and mechanical heat throughout the 2.1 million square foot facility.
Following the tour Senator Heller stopped by the 36th GRC Annual Meeting and GEA Geothermal Energy Expo where he met with a variety of geothermal companies.
Read More....
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“This project is a great example of one of the ways Nevada’s geothermal energy potential can be harnessed. It is in our national interest to promote alternative sources of energy and I believe that renewable energy must be a part of any long-term energy strategy for our nation. Nevada has vast geothermal resources, and I will continue to support policies that encourage renewable energy development in our country,” said Senator Dean Heller.
The Peppermill is the only resort in the United States to have a heating source provided by on-property geothermal energy. The Peppermill harnesses geothermal energy to heat the resort’s domestic water and mechanical heat throughout the 2.1 million square foot facility.
Following the tour Senator Heller stopped by the 36th GRC Annual Meeting and GEA Geothermal Energy Expo where he met with a variety of geothermal companies.
Read More....
USA, Oregon:
Geothermal Company Drills Into A Volcano (Forbes)
A geothermal-energy company is shattering rock nearly two miles under Oregon’s largest volcano to see if a new drilling technique could succeed where similar attempts to make clean power have failed.
The pilot project is underway at Newberry Volcano despite concerns that have dogged other “enhanced geothermal” projects, such as small earthquakes, and techniques that are similar to the controversial practice of fracking. Oh, and there’s the landscape’s habit of exploding.
Read More.....
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| An AltaRock Energy drill rig on Newberry Volcano. Photo credit: Newberry Geothermal |
The pilot project is underway at Newberry Volcano despite concerns that have dogged other “enhanced geothermal” projects, such as small earthquakes, and techniques that are similar to the controversial practice of fracking. Oh, and there’s the landscape’s habit of exploding.
Read More.....
Friday, October 5, 2012
USA, Nevada:
BLM Issues Decision on Ormat Wild Rose Geothermal Project (KRNV & MyNews4.com)
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The proposed action includes the following four components:
- Drilling and testing of up to four exploration wells;
- Construction and operation of a 15- to 35 MWe net rated (up to 40 MWe gross) geothermal power plant facility and electrical substation;
- Construction and operation of geothermal production and injection wells, pipelines, access roads, and support facilities; and
- Construction and operation of a 120-kVe generation-tie and switching station.
USA:
Energy Department Addresses Largest Gathering of Geothermal Energy Stakeholders (EERE, Geothermal Technologies Program)
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Douglas Hollett, Program Manager for the Department's Geothermal Technologies Office addressing the Opening Session of the 36th GRC Annual Meeting |
U.S. Department of Energy investments are tapping a vast resource of clean, baseload energy from the earth's heat, according to Douglas Hollett, Program Manager for the Department's Geothermal Technologies Office. Hollett addressed over 1,000 this week at the annual conference of the Geothermal Resources Council (GRC) in Reno, Nevada—the industry's largest annual gathering of geothermal energy stakeholders in the nation. In his keynote address, Hollett discussed public-private successes in identifying and validating geothermal resources in the western United States as well as the Department's work in research and development aimed at reducing deployment costs.
The Energy Department supports research by the national laboratories and academia as well as projects that are scaling up to commercial readiness, including conventional hydrothermal technology and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) - which significantly expands conventional hydrothermal resources by accessing deeper, hotter, tighter rock formations.
To encourage ongoing research in the field, Hollett recognized James Faulds of the University of Nevada, Reno, whose landmark research in characterizing structural controls of EGS and conventional geothermal reservoirs won him top marks across the board in the program's annual peer review.
To see a copy of Doug Hollett's GRC presentation, click here. (PDF)
The Energy Department supports research by the national laboratories and academia as well as projects that are scaling up to commercial readiness, including conventional hydrothermal technology and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) - which significantly expands conventional hydrothermal resources by accessing deeper, hotter, tighter rock formations.
To encourage ongoing research in the field, Hollett recognized James Faulds of the University of Nevada, Reno, whose landmark research in characterizing structural controls of EGS and conventional geothermal reservoirs won him top marks across the board in the program's annual peer review.
To see a copy of Doug Hollett's GRC presentation, click here. (PDF)
Global:
Peppermill Resort Spa
Reno, Nevada, USA
September 30 - October 3, 2012
USA, Nevada:
Geothermal Solutions: How Hot Rock Helped Keep the Peppermill Afloat (Renewable Energy World)
The Peppermill Resort in Reno, Nevada boasts more than 2,200 hotel rooms and suites, convention space, a spa, two pools, more than 25 restaurants and lounges, a fitness center, and more – in all, more than 2 million sq. ft. of operations. But the most interesting aspect of the resort, at least to its guests this week, may be that everywhere they walk or swim is heated by geothermal energy. This makes the Peppermill the perfect spot for this year's GRC Annual Meeting and Geothermal Energy Expo.
The Peppermill’s geothermal system not only allows the resort to highlight its use of clean energy, it is a major factor that helped the resort stay afloat during the recession. In 2009, the resort doubled its size with the construction of a new tower block of rooms and amenities – and construction took place in the midst of a nation tightening its wallets and cutting leisure costs.
Read More....
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| The geothermal system in the Peppermill Hotel, on a tour of the facilities hosted by the hotel and the Geothermal Resources Council (Courtesy REW) |
The Peppermill’s geothermal system not only allows the resort to highlight its use of clean energy, it is a major factor that helped the resort stay afloat during the recession. In 2009, the resort doubled its size with the construction of a new tower block of rooms and amenities – and construction took place in the midst of a nation tightening its wallets and cutting leisure costs.
Read More....
Australia:
Australian Geothermal's Glimmer of Hope (The Australian)
Not so much light at the end of the tunnel – more a glimmer of hope.
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| (Courtesy CIA.gov) |
Everyone agrees it’s a great idea and will one day deliver on its promise. But when that might be remains a mystery.
Moreover, what progress there is by our companies tend to be abroad – Spain, Chile, Indonesia and Argentina - rather than at home.
Nevertheless, two steps forward today.
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USA, Hawai'i:
Kilauea Volcanic Rift Zones Subside Whether or not they Host Geothermal Developments (Hawaii 24/7 - Press Release)
Recently, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientist’s have been asked if Hawaii Island’s geothermal development causes subsidence of the ground surface, as has been observed at U.S. mainland geothermal areas, such as those in California– Coso, Geysers, the Imperial Valley, and Casa Diablo in the Mammoth Lakes area.
The largest of these mainland developments is heated by magma reservoirs that supplied eruptions through non-volcanic rock layers. The magma, thousands of years old, still heats groundwater within California’s sedimentary basins, where, fluid withdrawal during geothermal energy production can reduce pressure within the subsurface rock formations. When this happens, the ground surface subsides.
Read More.....
The largest of these mainland developments is heated by magma reservoirs that supplied eruptions through non-volcanic rock layers. The magma, thousands of years old, still heats groundwater within California’s sedimentary basins, where, fluid withdrawal during geothermal energy production can reduce pressure within the subsurface rock formations. When this happens, the ground surface subsides.
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China:
China's Geothermal Equal to 860 Trillion Tonnes of Coal Equivalent (China Daily)
China's geothermal energy resources amount to 860 trillion tonnes of coal equivalent, an amount 260,000 times greater than China's annual energy consumption, according to newly issued statistics from the Ministry of Land and Resources.
The figure is based on a new evaluation of geothermal energy resources buried 3,000 to 10,000 meters below 287 cities, 12 sedimentary basins and 2,562 hot springs.
The ministry said the country's shallow-lying geothermal energy resources add up to 9.5 billion tonnes of coal equivalent, with annually available resources amounting to 350 million tonnes of coal equivalent.
If shallow-lying resources are effectively used, the country can save 250 million tonnes of standard coal and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 500 million tonnes, the ministry said. Similarly, resources in sedimentary basins can save 853 billion tonnes of standard coal, according to the ministry.
Geothermal energy resources are abundant in China, although the country's ability to develop and utilize them is still in its infancy.
China's geothermal energy resources amount to 860 trillion tonnes of coal equivalent, an amount 260,000 times greater than China's annual energy consumption, according to newly issued statistics from the Ministry of Land and Resources.
The figure is based on a new evaluation of geothermal energy resources buried 3,000 to 10,000 meters below 287 cities, 12 sedimentary basins and 2,562 hot springs.
The ministry said the country's shallow-lying geothermal energy resources add up to 9.5 billion tonnes of coal equivalent, with annually available resources amounting to 350 million tonnes of coal equivalent.
If shallow-lying resources are effectively used, the country can save 250 million tonnes of standard coal and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 500 million tonnes, the ministry said. Similarly, resources in sedimentary basins can save 853 billion tonnes of standard coal, according to the ministry.
Geothermal energy resources are abundant in China, although the country's ability to develop and utilize them is still in its infancy.
USA, Hawai'i:
Hawaii County Tackles Geothermal Health Study, Night Drilling (Big Island Video News)
The County of Hawaii released more information on the Independent Geothermal Health Assessment Joint Fact Finding Study.
Health concerns related to the production of geothermal energy on the island has led to the initiative.
Mayor Billy Kenoi first spoke of these specific plans at a Leilani Estates Association meeting a few weeks ago. The community is located within a few miles of the Puna Geothermal Venture powerplant.
On Tuesday, the county had more: Officials say “The purpose of this effort is to collect the existing body of knowledge about documented health studies associated with geothermal operations, both here and around the world.
“The Joint Fact Finding effort will collect a range of existing information on air quality around the PGV plant and create a summary of kinds of health issues that community members believe may be linked to geothermal operations. (VIDEO 11:50 Minutes)
Read More.....
The County of Hawaii released more information on the Independent Geothermal Health Assessment Joint Fact Finding Study.
Health concerns related to the production of geothermal energy on the island has led to the initiative.
Mayor Billy Kenoi first spoke of these specific plans at a Leilani Estates Association meeting a few weeks ago. The community is located within a few miles of the Puna Geothermal Venture powerplant.
On Tuesday, the county had more: Officials say “The purpose of this effort is to collect the existing body of knowledge about documented health studies associated with geothermal operations, both here and around the world.
“The Joint Fact Finding effort will collect a range of existing information on air quality around the PGV plant and create a summary of kinds of health issues that community members believe may be linked to geothermal operations. (VIDEO 11:50 Minutes)
Read More.....
USA, Nevada:
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| Steve Ranson / LVN photo Brian Stankiewicz, left, plant manager for Enel's Stillwater geothermal plant, listens to a question regarding the solar panels from Marc Armengel, who works for Roc Blanc Hotel in Andorra. (Courtesy Lahontan Valley News) |
For these visitors — many of them coming from outside the United States — their purpose in visiting Churchill County was centered on the area's alternative energy production. The visitors on the one-day field trip came from the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting in Reno to see Alterra Power's Soda Lake geothermal power plant and Enel's Stillwater geothermal/solar facility. Sandwiched between touring the two geothermal facilities was a tour of Naval Air Station Fallon and lunch at the officers' club.
Wednesday, October 3, 2012
Global:
Thanks for a successful meeting!
See you next year
37th GRC Annual Meeting
MGM Grand Hotel
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
September 29 - October 2, 2013
USA:
Winner of National Geothermal Student Competition Announced
The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy has announced the winners in the prestigious National Geothermal Student Competition.
The student competition challenged teams at universities across the country to conduct cutting-edge research in geology, geoscience, chemical and bio-molecular energy, and engineering that could lead to breakthroughs in geothermal energy development.
The winner was announced today at the 36th Geothermal Resources Council (GRC) Annual Meeting in Reno, Nevada.
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Competition manager Desmond Stubbs of DOE's Oak Ridge Institute
for Science and Education (ORISE) standing in front of the
three finalist posters
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1st: Idaho State UniversityLed by team leader Michael Ginsbach, the Idaho State University project was on the Development of an integrated, testable conceptual model of blind geothermal resources in the eastern Snake River Plain as it applies to the Newdale geothermal prospect.
2nd: Boise State University
3rd: Southern Methodist University
The student competition challenged teams at universities across the country to conduct cutting-edge research in geology, geoscience, chemical and bio-molecular energy, and engineering that could lead to breakthroughs in geothermal energy development.
The winner was announced today at the 36th Geothermal Resources Council (GRC) Annual Meeting in Reno, Nevada.
The GRC congratulates the students on their achievements.
East Africa:
Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility Pre-bidding Information Workshop
For potential Applicants for funding by the Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility for Eastern Africa (GRMF)
11 October 2012
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
For more information, visit: www.grmf-eastafrica.org
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11 October 2012
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
For more information, visit: www.grmf-eastafrica.org
USA, Nevada:
Structural Controls on Geothermal Activity in The Western Great Basin – Part I
This two-day trip examined favorable structural settings for geothermal activity in the western Great Basin. The group ventured out into the Nevada desert from the 36th GRC Annual Meeting in Reno, Nevada, on Friday and Saturday last week.
This two-day trip examined favorable structural settings for geothermal activity in the western Great Basin. The group ventured out into the Nevada desert from the 36th GRC Annual Meeting in Reno, Nevada, on Friday and Saturday last week.
Global:
Finalists Announced for the 2012 Energy Projects of the Year Awards (Power Engineering Magazine)
The editors of Power Engineering magazine, RenewableEnergyWorld.com and PennWell Corp. have announced 15 finalists for the annual Projects of the Year Awards program.
The Best Geothermal Project finalists are the John L.Featherstone Geothermal Plant, owned by Energy Source in California, and PMU Dominica on the island of Dominica.
Read More.....
The editors of Power Engineering magazine, RenewableEnergyWorld.com and PennWell Corp. have announced 15 finalists for the annual Projects of the Year Awards program.
The Best Geothermal Project finalists are the John L.Featherstone Geothermal Plant, owned by Energy Source in California, and PMU Dominica on the island of Dominica.
Read More.....
Tuesday, October 2, 2012
United Kingdom:
The 2nd UK Deep Geothermal Symposium
The Role of Deep Geothermal – Will The UK Feel The Heat?
The 2012 Deep Geothermal Symposium is aimed at raising awareness of the potential in the UK for this huge clean energy resource and its use as a renewable source of heat and electricity.
This year we are delighted to have Tim Smit of The Eden Project speaking, as well as contributions throughout the afternoon from speakers in the public, private and not-for-profit sectors. The event will showcase what is going on in the UK, review the latest developments in Europe and answer the questions that need to be asked about how to make the most of this British technology and energy…….
The Role of Deep Geothermal – Will The UK Feel The Heat?
The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG
Monday 15 October 2012 from 2.15pm - 7.00pm
Monday 15 October 2012 from 2.15pm - 7.00pm
The 2012 Deep Geothermal Symposium is aimed at raising awareness of the potential in the UK for this huge clean energy resource and its use as a renewable source of heat and electricity.
This year we are delighted to have Tim Smit of The Eden Project speaking, as well as contributions throughout the afternoon from speakers in the public, private and not-for-profit sectors. The event will showcase what is going on in the UK, review the latest developments in Europe and answer the questions that need to be asked about how to make the most of this British technology and energy…….
USA:
Chevron Announces Re-Entry into USA Geothermal Market
Chevron announced yesterday that the company is re-entering the US geothermal power market after an absence of some years.
Gregg Rotenberg – Vice President of Strategy and Renewable Energy Investment at Chevron made the announcement during a speech at the Opening Session of the 36th GRC Annual Meeting in Reno, Nevada.
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| Gregg Rotenberg at the 36th GRC Annual Meeting |
Gregg Rotenberg – Vice President of Strategy and Renewable Energy Investment at Chevron made the announcement during a speech at the Opening Session of the 36th GRC Annual Meeting in Reno, Nevada.
Gregg said that Chevron has been studying investment opportunities in the US for some time. Chevron now wants to join with partners in projects - not be a sole owner or operator of a project.
Chevron are interested in projects of at least 10 MWe and could also include co-production.
Gregg said that Chevron had, in fact begun investing in geothermal power projects in the US, having been a silent partner in financing the EnergySource Hudson I project in the Imperial Valley in California.
USA, Colorado:
BLM Releases Final Geothermal Leasing Environmental Assessment in the San Luis Valley (BLM)
The Bureau of Land Management’s San Luis Valley Field Office has completed the final environmental assessment for geothermal energy leasing in the San Luis Valley.
The EA identifies public lands with the potential for geothermal development and provides a list of the stipulations to be applied to any future leases. The BLM will make a decision to amend the 1991 BLM San Luis Valley Resource Area Management Plan.
To date, the BLM has not received any lease nominations for public lands in the San Luis Valley.
The Bureau of Land Management’s San Luis Valley Field Office has completed the final environmental assessment for geothermal energy leasing in the San Luis Valley.
The EA identifies public lands with the potential for geothermal development and provides a list of the stipulations to be applied to any future leases. The BLM will make a decision to amend the 1991 BLM San Luis Valley Resource Area Management Plan.
To date, the BLM has not received any lease nominations for public lands in the San Luis Valley.
Australia:
University of New South Wales Offers First Leapfrog Geological Modelling Course (Scoop)
The University of New South Wales is providing the first university course in 3D Geological Modelling for students majoring in environmental science, geology, hydro-geology, mining, and petroleum engineering. Leading geological modelling software suite Leapfrog will be used for the course to enable students to build 3D geological models for groundwater, mining, oil and gas.
Leapfrog is established 3D geological modelling software for the mining, hydro-geology and geothermal industries developed by ARANZ Geo. Leapfrog’s innovative workflows enable multiple hypotheses to be investigated quickly and dynamically to allow users to maximize the value of their information and make better decisions, faster.
The University of New South Wales is providing the first university course in 3D Geological Modelling for students majoring in environmental science, geology, hydro-geology, mining, and petroleum engineering. Leading geological modelling software suite Leapfrog will be used for the course to enable students to build 3D geological models for groundwater, mining, oil and gas.
Leapfrog is established 3D geological modelling software for the mining, hydro-geology and geothermal industries developed by ARANZ Geo. Leapfrog’s innovative workflows enable multiple hypotheses to be investigated quickly and dynamically to allow users to maximize the value of their information and make better decisions, faster.
Note: Leapfrog Geothermal is at the 36th GRC Annual Meeting, exhibiting at the GEA Geothermal Energy Expo at booth #611.
Read More......
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USA, Oregon:
Portland General Electric Seeking Large Renewable Energy Projects (Renew Grid)
Oregon-based utility Portland General Electric Co. (PGE) has issued a Request for Proposals (RFP) for renewable energy resources.
The RFP seeks approximately 100 MWe of renewable energy, including wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, biogas and hydroelectric projects. Each project must be at least 10 MWe.
PGE says it may acquire a single resource or a mix of resources in order to achieve the total desired renewable energy target, and the utility anticipates that the resources will be brought into the company’s portfolio between 2013 and 2017.
PGE intends to submit a benchmark proposal in the renewable energy RFP process,which will be due by Oct. 30. Bids from outside parties are due by Nov. 13. More information is available here.
The RFP seeks approximately 100 MWe of renewable energy, including wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, biogas and hydroelectric projects. Each project must be at least 10 MWe.
PGE says it may acquire a single resource or a mix of resources in order to achieve the total desired renewable energy target, and the utility anticipates that the resources will be brought into the company’s portfolio between 2013 and 2017.
PGE intends to submit a benchmark proposal in the renewable energy RFP process,which will be due by Oct. 30. Bids from outside parties are due by Nov. 13. More information is available here.
Monday, October 1, 2012
Japan:
Geothermal Power Tests Tradition in Japan (New York Times)
Tarobee Ito, 69, is the guardian of a family legacy that has survived for more than 12 generations, since the middle of the Edo period: He manages Tarobee Ryokan, a traditional Japanese onsen ryokan, or hot spring inn, named after an 18th-century ancestor who established it as one of about a dozen inns at the Oyasu thermal gorge near Yuzawa City in Akita Prefecture, northern Japan.
The Daifunto thermal area, known as the Great Onsen Fountain, near Yuzawa City in northern Japan. Responding to safety concerns in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the Japanese government recently said it would aim to triple renewable energy sources, including geothermal
But Mr. Ito’s heritage may be under threat. The white steam, rising lazily from the thermal springs, has attracted developers with plans for a geothermal power plant in the Kurikoma Kokutei Koen, a mountainous area behind his inn that is a national monument.
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The Daifunto thermal area, known as the Great Onsen Fountain, near Yuzawa City in northern Japan. Responding to safety concerns in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the Japanese government recently said it would aim to triple renewable energy sources, including geothermal
But Mr. Ito’s heritage may be under threat. The white steam, rising lazily from the thermal springs, has attracted developers with plans for a geothermal power plant in the Kurikoma Kokutei Koen, a mountainous area behind his inn that is a national monument.
Iceland, Philippines:
Orka Energy Joins $150M Geothermal Power Project (Inquirer.net)
Orka Energy of Iceland has bought into the $150-million geothermal power project of Biliran Geothermal Inc. in Eastern Visayas, according to Energy Undersecretary Jose M. Layug Jr.
In a briefing on Monday, Layug said Orka Energy acquired the stakes formerly held by Reykjavik EnergyInvest and Geysir Green Energy, of Iceland, in the Biliran project.
It is, however, unclear whether Orka acquired the maximum stake of 40 percent, the foreign ownership limit set by the law for energy projects in the country.
The local partner in the project is Filtech Energy Drilling Corp. (Fedco).
According to Layug, Orka Energy is planning to drill two to three exploration wells by next year to support the operations of its planned geothermal facility in Biliran, which was estimated to generate about 50 megawatts of power. Should these drillings yield positive results, the parties are expected to start commercial operations.
Read More......
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In a briefing on Monday, Layug said Orka Energy acquired the stakes formerly held by Reykjavik EnergyInvest and Geysir Green Energy, of Iceland, in the Biliran project.
It is, however, unclear whether Orka acquired the maximum stake of 40 percent, the foreign ownership limit set by the law for energy projects in the country.
The local partner in the project is Filtech Energy Drilling Corp. (Fedco).
According to Layug, Orka Energy is planning to drill two to three exploration wells by next year to support the operations of its planned geothermal facility in Biliran, which was estimated to generate about 50 megawatts of power. Should these drillings yield positive results, the parties are expected to start commercial operations.
Read More......
USA, Reno, Nevada:
Department of Energy Awards ElectraTherm Geothermal Grant (KRNV My News 4)
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ElectraTherm, a leader in small-scale, distributed power generation from waste heat, was awarded Phases II and III of its Department of Energy (DOE) grant to demonstrate its Waste Heat-to-Power (WHP) technology using co-produced fluids. The government grant helps accelerate the development of ElectraTherm’s technology through a geothermal demonstration site at Florida Canyon Mine in Imlay, Nevada.
ElectraTherm was awarded Phase I of the $982,000 grant from the DOE in 2010 to research and develop an optimized solution for power generation using geothermal and co-produced fluid. Following successful R&D, the DOE awarded Phases II and III to manufacture and commission a newly developed Green Machine with a cleanable heat exchanger, an increased power output of 75kWe and a fully-containerized solution for ease of transportation and installation. The unit has been built and is currently undergoing testing at ElectraTherm. It will be installed at Florida Canyon Mine in the coming months.
ElectraTherm was awarded Phase I of the $982,000 grant from the DOE in 2010 to research and develop an optimized solution for power generation using geothermal and co-produced fluid. Following successful R&D, the DOE awarded Phases II and III to manufacture and commission a newly developed Green Machine with a cleanable heat exchanger, an increased power output of 75kWe and a fully-containerized solution for ease of transportation and installation. The unit has been built and is currently undergoing testing at ElectraTherm. It will be installed at Florida Canyon Mine in the coming months.
USA, Reno, Nevada:
Geothermal Energy in Nevada: Ready to Take Off? (KTVN Channel 2 news)
Northern Nevada is a hotspot for thermal energy, and today (Monday), over 2,000 came to the Peppermill for the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting. Listening to the speakers we found college student Aaron Ochsner. Why did he fly out from the University of South Dakota? He calls geothermal a future career of limitless possibilities: "Just for the United States to gain its own energy independence, I guess that really interested me."
For Ormat's Paul Thomsen, it's a gift: deep earth heat mixing with underground water to produce steam…24/7 free energy lying right under our feet. He told us, "We're thrilled to have everybody here in Reno, which is really the center for geothermal development."
You can see it on cooler days, the steam rising from the ground. It was Harry Reid who first called us, 'the Saudi Arabia of thermal energy.' To use thermal energy, you need fractures and a liquid medium like water. We have both here at the Ormat plant in south Reno. As Thomsen describes it, "You know the basin and range that formed beautiful Lake Tahoe brings a lot of heat close to the surface."
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For Ormat's Paul Thomsen, it's a gift: deep earth heat mixing with underground water to produce steam…24/7 free energy lying right under our feet. He told us, "We're thrilled to have everybody here in Reno, which is really the center for geothermal development."
You can see it on cooler days, the steam rising from the ground. It was Harry Reid who first called us, 'the Saudi Arabia of thermal energy.' To use thermal energy, you need fractures and a liquid medium like water. We have both here at the Ormat plant in south Reno. As Thomsen describes it, "You know the basin and range that formed beautiful Lake Tahoe brings a lot of heat close to the surface."
Read More......
USA, Reno, Nevada:
International Geothermal Meeting in Full Swing in Reno (Reno Gazette-Journal)
Northern Nevada gets to spotlight its geothermal chops to an international audience once again as a joint event between two major organizations hits its stride this week.
The 36th Geothermal Resources Council (GRC) Annual Meeting and the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) Energy Expo are taking place at the Peppermill Resort Spa Casino through Wednesday, bringing in an estimated 2,200 attendees from around the globe.
Both groups have brought their signature annual events to the area before, citing the region’s growth as a geothermal hub for the industry.
“Northern Nevada is literally a hot spot for the geothermal power industry, both in terms of the U.S.A. but also worldwide,” said Ian Crawford, a spokesman for the GRC. “Reno has the headquarters of a number of important players in the industry and is the location of the National Geothermal Academy. In other years we go to San Diego, Las Vegas, and Portland, for example, but Reno offers the best location. It’s like coming home.”
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The 36th Geothermal Resources Council (GRC) Annual Meeting and the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) Energy Expo are taking place at the Peppermill Resort Spa Casino through Wednesday, bringing in an estimated 2,200 attendees from around the globe.
Both groups have brought their signature annual events to the area before, citing the region’s growth as a geothermal hub for the industry.
“Northern Nevada is literally a hot spot for the geothermal power industry, both in terms of the U.S.A. but also worldwide,” said Ian Crawford, a spokesman for the GRC. “Reno has the headquarters of a number of important players in the industry and is the location of the National Geothermal Academy. In other years we go to San Diego, Las Vegas, and Portland, for example, but Reno offers the best location. It’s like coming home.”
USA: Reno, Nevada:
Access Energy Director of Engineering to Speak at Geothermal Resource Council Annual Meeting Tomorrow (PR Web - News release)
Parsa Mirmobin, Director of Engineering at Access Energy, a producer of waste heat and pressure recovery systems for small-scale commercial and industrial applications, will be presenting at the Geothermal Resource sCouncil (GRC) Annual Meeting in Reno, Nev. tomorrow.
Mirmobin will present the paper entitled “Heat-To-Electricity with High-Speed Magnetic Bearing/Generator System,” co-authored by Larry Hawkins, Lei Zhu, Eric Blumber and Richard Erdlac, Jr., on Tuesday from 11:10 to 11:30 a.m. in the conference’s “Power Operations 3” session. In addition, Mirmobin and Maggie Yu, Director of Business Development at Access Energy, will participate in the conference’s poster session, which will be held from 4 to 6 p.m. that evening.
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Mirmobin will present the paper entitled “Heat-To-Electricity with High-Speed Magnetic Bearing/Generator System,” co-authored by Larry Hawkins, Lei Zhu, Eric Blumber and Richard Erdlac, Jr., on Tuesday from 11:10 to 11:30 a.m. in the conference’s “Power Operations 3” session. In addition, Mirmobin and Maggie Yu, Director of Business Development at Access Energy, will participate in the conference’s poster session, which will be held from 4 to 6 p.m. that evening.
Read More......
Global:
Geothermal Awards Announced as GRC Annual Meeting Opens in Reno
Best and Brightest of the Global Geothermal Community Honored at the 36th GRC Annual Meeting in Nevada
The Geothermal Resources Council (GRC), the world's premier geothermal association, has announced awards honoring the best and brightest of the global geothermal community. These prestigious awards have been a highlight of the geothermal calendar since the late 1970's.
The President of the GRC, Richard Campbell, announced the honors in the Opening Session of the 36th GRC Annual Meeting, opening today at the Peppermill Resort Spa in Reno, Nevada.
The GRC will present its prestigious Aidlin, Pioneer, and Special Achievement awards at its Annual Membership Meeting & Awards Luncheon, the climax to the GRC Annual Meeting, on Wednesday.
The Geothermal Resources Council (GRC), the world's premier geothermal association, has announced awards honoring the best and brightest of the global geothermal community. These prestigious awards have been a highlight of the geothermal calendar since the late 1970's.
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| President of the GRC, Richard Campbell |
The GRC will present its prestigious Aidlin, Pioneer, and Special Achievement awards at its Annual Membership Meeting & Awards Luncheon, the climax to the GRC Annual Meeting, on Wednesday.
USA:
Coastal Technologies Incorporated to Supply Steam Purification Equipment to Kenya’s Largest Geothermal Power Plant Complex (PDF - News Release)
Coastal Technologies, Inc. (CTI); of South Carolina, USA, announced today that the Company has been awarded a contract to supply four 70 MWe steam purification systems for the Republic of Kenya’s largest ever geothermal plant project, the Olkaria I and Olkaria IV geothermal power plants. The contract is CTI’s first for the supply of geothermal power equipment in Africa. The contract involves design and manufacturing of the four steam scrubbers, auxiliary equipment, and related structural engineering. The scrubbers precede the Toshiba steam turbines.
Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd. awarded a full turnkey contract for Olkaria I and IV to a consortium of Korea’s Hyundai Engineering Co., Ltd. and Japan’s Toyota Tsusho Corporation. CTI was selected by Hyundai Engineering to supply the special cyclone type steam scrubbers for the project following a comprehensive evaluation of the Company’s extensive supply experience and the equipment’s performance and reliability.
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Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd. awarded a full turnkey contract for Olkaria I and IV to a consortium of Korea’s Hyundai Engineering Co., Ltd. and Japan’s Toyota Tsusho Corporation. CTI was selected by Hyundai Engineering to supply the special cyclone type steam scrubbers for the project following a comprehensive evaluation of the Company’s extensive supply experience and the equipment’s performance and reliability.
Read More......
Sunday, September 30, 2012
USA, Reno, Nevada:
GRC Annual Meeting & GEA Geothermal Expo 2012 Opening Reception (ThinkGeoEnergy)
As every year now for the past 4 years, ThinkGeoEnergy is the first to post pictures of the GEA Geothermal Energy Expo 2012 that is opening in a few minutes here in Reno, Nevada, with the Opening Reception jointly hosted by the GRC and GEA.
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| The GRC Booth (# 136) |
Iceland
Iceland Geothermal Conference to be Promoted at GRC’s 36th Annual Meeting (Ice News)
Today, members of the Iceland Geothermal Cluster will be promoting the 2013 edition of the Iceland Geothermal Conference at GRC (Geothermal Resources Council)’s 36th Annual Meeting, held in Reno, Nevada, U.S.
Rósbjörg Jónsdóttir, organiser for the Iceland Geothermal Conference, will be in attendance at GRC’s 36th Annual Meeting, held between 30th September until 3rd October, in order to help promote and raise awareness for the energy conference.
As part of the Annual Meeting, Jónsdóttir and her team will be helping to gather sponsors and key-persons within the energy industry in order to inform them on the energy possibilities which Iceland holds, as well as the research, exploration, and development opportunities.
Read more.....
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Rósbjörg Jónsdóttir, organiser for the Iceland Geothermal Conference, will be in attendance at GRC’s 36th Annual Meeting, held between 30th September until 3rd October, in order to help promote and raise awareness for the energy conference.
As part of the Annual Meeting, Jónsdóttir and her team will be helping to gather sponsors and key-persons within the energy industry in order to inform them on the energy possibilities which Iceland holds, as well as the research, exploration, and development opportunities.
Read more.....
USA, Idaho:
Student Geothermal Competitors Tap Idaho Expertise (Idaho National Laboratory)
Look at a map of U.S. subsurface temperature data and few places are as red (hotter than 250 degrees Celsius) and large (10,000-plus square miles) as Idaho's Snake River Plain.
Those two characteristics are why university students across the country are studying the volcanic plain and its potential to generate geothermal energy as part of a national competition sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.
"The Snake River Plain is along the Yellowstone hot spot and is an ideal location to study for its geothermal energy potential," said Robert Podgorney, a geothermal researcher at Idaho National Laboratory. "The area is renowned for its geothermal activity and high subsurface temperatures."
Eight university teams made the finals in the department's National Geothermal Student Competition, including three from Idaho. All three Idaho public research universities — Boise State University, Idaho State University and University of Idaho — have teams in the finals.
The winner of the U.S. Department of Energy's Student Geothermal Competition will be announced during the 36th Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting Sept. 30 to Oct. 3 in Reno, Nev.
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| (Courtesy Idaho National Laboratory) |
Those two characteristics are why university students across the country are studying the volcanic plain and its potential to generate geothermal energy as part of a national competition sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.
"The Snake River Plain is along the Yellowstone hot spot and is an ideal location to study for its geothermal energy potential," said Robert Podgorney, a geothermal researcher at Idaho National Laboratory. "The area is renowned for its geothermal activity and high subsurface temperatures."
Eight university teams made the finals in the department's National Geothermal Student Competition, including three from Idaho. All three Idaho public research universities — Boise State University, Idaho State University and University of Idaho — have teams in the finals.
The winner of the U.S. Department of Energy's Student Geothermal Competition will be announced during the 36th Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting Sept. 30 to Oct. 3 in Reno, Nev.
USA, Nevada:
Senator Harry Reid Supports Geothermal in Nevada (Reno Gazette Journal)
Gov. Mitt Romney recently announced that, if elected, he would let the renewable-energy tax credit for wind energy expire at the end of the year. This was bad news for the tens of thousands of Americans employed making wind turbines, towers and parts, but also for Nevadans because it signaled that Romney will likely also let the tax credit for geothermal energy expire at the end of 2013.
Today, Reno is hosting the 36th Annual Meeting of the Geothermal Resources Council and the Geothermal Energy Expo. This meeting and exhibition brings together experts to discuss the latest research in geothermal exploration, development and utilization. I hope every attendee considers the risk to the geothermal industry if Gov. Romney’s position were enacted.
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Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid
(Courtesy Wikipedia Commons)
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Today, Reno is hosting the 36th Annual Meeting of the Geothermal Resources Council and the Geothermal Energy Expo. This meeting and exhibition brings together experts to discuss the latest research in geothermal exploration, development and utilization. I hope every attendee considers the risk to the geothermal industry if Gov. Romney’s position were enacted.
Read More......
Saturday, September 29, 2012
USA, Reno, Nevada:
Field trips venture out to visit geothermal resources in Nevada
Over 90 attendees set out on field trips this morning, departing the site of the GRC Annual Meeting at the Peppermill in Reno.
The tours visited the ENEL Stillwater Geothermal/Solar Power Plant and Alterra Power Corp. Geothermal Power Plant Tour with a Stop at the "Top Gun" Naval Air Station.
There was also a trip to gain an overview of Structural Controls on Geothermal Activity in The Western Great Basin and a guided tour of Ormat's Steamboat Geothermal Plant Complex south of Reno.
A visit to ElectraTherm's factory in Reno viewed the process behind the development of the "Green Machine".
Iceland:
Iceland to Help East African Nations Explore Geothermal Energy (United Nations Radio)
Iceland is pioneering a program that will bring clean renewable energy to millions of people in Africa, the country's Foreign Affairs Minister told the UN General Assembly on Saturday.
Össur Skarphéðinsson said the Nordic nation will work with the World Bank to assist 13 countries in East Africa to harness their geothermal energy resources.
He said small countries can be global pioneers. (Audio: 23 Minutes)
Read More.....
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| Mr. Össur Skarphéðinsson , Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Iceland, addressing the UN General Assembly
(Courtesy United Nations Radio.)
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Össur Skarphéðinsson said the Nordic nation will work with the World Bank to assist 13 countries in East Africa to harness their geothermal energy resources.
He said small countries can be global pioneers. (Audio: 23 Minutes)
Read More.....
USA, Reno, Nevada:
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Keep up to date with the 36th GRC Annual Meeting with daily postings of photos at GRC 2012 collection on Flicker.
Friday, September 28, 2012
USA, Reno, Nevada:
2012 GRC Annual Meeting News
Bill Livesay speaking to attendees at the Drilling Workshop being held at the Peppermill Resort Spa. The 2012 GRC Annual Meeting starts officially on Sunday.
Attendees wind down at a reception after a day at the GRC pre-meeting workshops.
The two-day workshops wrap up Saturday.
Bill Livesay speaking to attendees at the Drilling Workshop being held at the Peppermill Resort Spa. The 2012 GRC Annual Meeting starts officially on Sunday.
Attendees wind down at a reception after a day at the GRC pre-meeting workshops.
The two-day workshops wrap up Saturday.
Technology:
Can you tell fact from fiction? Take the geothermal energy quiz (Discovery)
Geothermal energy is considered cost-effective and there is growing support for its use in our society.
Geothermal energy is considered cost-effective and there is growing support for its use in our society.
What are the pros and cons of using geothermal energy?
Take this quiz to find out.
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